PeaceKeeping In Iraq Comparing Traditional Vs. U.S. Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstractions: America is confronting its biggest challenge in Iraq in the signifier of peacekeeping. There is turning distrust and sectarian force in a state that has no political or societal system left and with no economic agencies to prolong itself. The lifting instability in the Iraq is taking to stableness and security issues in the Middle East and Central Asia as good. America is now looking at two options. either to transport out peace maintaining missions itself. or to take the aid of UN and seek to set up peace in the part. Which of the two options remains to be decided? Introduction: Iraq in the past few old ages has undergone a major transmutation with the remotion of Saddam Hussein and the debut of the U. S military in topographic point. From remotion of absolutism to Restoration of democracy. and the incidences of assurgency with Sunni Shiite force. this is merely the tip of the ice berg that the current Iraq constitutes. We will write a custom essay sample on PeaceKeeping In Iraq: Comparing Traditional Vs. U.S. Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Iraq now faces jobs with its economic. every bit good as industrial and societal apparatus. basic necessities of life. jobs at the boundary lines with the Kurds. Iran instability. continued addition in hatred for the American ground forces and the uninterrupted discontent about the electoral procedures and the hereafter of the state. and these jobs show no opportunities of decelerating down. Iraq presently hangs by a yarn with respects to stableness. But even more of import is the possible destabilization that will result should Iraq neglect. Iraq is presently the 2nd largest oil manufacturer. and its resources are under menace. With its stultifying economic system. Iraq faces menaces from its neighbours Iran and Syria every bit good. The new moving ridge of force among the Sunni and Shiite Muslims has made the part one of the most volatile in the universe. and presently there is perfectly no 1 point where the whole Iraqi state is standing united. The loss of cultural heritage. economic position. and any sort of societal model is making individuality crises. which Iraqis feel has been defaced by American propaganda. The immediate loss of one of the most controversial yet powerful leaders of Iraq. which is Saddam Hussein. has led to a new set of jobs sing administration and political control. The American invasion and invasion and so active engagement in the electoral procedure has increased misgiving among Iraqis about current authorities every bit good. peculiarly since it has been unable to supply any conclusive aid to the people confronting jobs due to war. The late and really meagre human-centered services in the part are another ground why Iraq is hostile and angry at the minute. For this. Iraq sees merely one to fault and that is the United States. Among the most urgent current jobs that are faced by America is peacekeeping in Iraq. This simple term includes a really broad assortment of issues that are needed to be established and maintained in a tense country to make favourable conditions. Such peacekeeping intercessions may change from carry oning election processes to diversion of the constabulary and defence systems. nevertheless. all aim to make a societal every bit good as a political state of affairs that ensures peace and stableness in the part. Most of the peace maintaining missions take topographic point in war afflicted countries. and hence. the peace maintaining missions have added duty to supply human-centered services every bit good. Therefore a peace maintaining mission is steering every bit good as keeping system that may be required to be present until the country is stabilized and regional turbulency is dealt with. ( Serafina. 2004 ) With a negative image of America in Iraq. it is confronting huge troubles in deriving any support for any peace maintaining operations. Iraq views these operations as extensions of American programs for deriving control and domination in the part. and as such there is no peculiar shaping characteristic that can assist define it apart from verbal confidences from the Pentagon. Therefore. America stands in between a moral and ethical quandary about supplying peace and order in a part that itself was responsible for destructing. Initially against any sort of peace maintaining operations where America would tie in itself. America is now looking at assorted possibilities that can assist in work outing current Iraq peace issue. With really small support within and outside Iraq. America faces enormous challenge. for which it will non derive any recognition even if it succeeds. THE PEACE PROBLEMS OF IRAQ: BACKGROUND AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS In order to understand the true jobs of peace maintaining in Iraq. one must derive position about both sides and how they influence the response of the part every bit good as the Earth. American policy was neer limited to Afghanistan or Iraq. and alternatively was intended for cardinal Asia. There were three security issues in cardinal Asia that USA wished to accomplish. First was security itself. where concerns were about regulation and extinguishing terrorist act. drug trafficking and accomplishing non proliferation. This issue came to attending instantly after the 9/11 onslaughts. when the security of American state came under menace. America’s 2nd most of import program in cardinal Asia is related to energy and resources. and making economical planetary conditions that guarantee sustained development of the part. every bit good as protection and saving of these. The 3rd purpose was democratisation every bit good as market oriented alterations ; in other words. internal ref orm of the part conductive of U. S involvements. While these programs were present for a long clip. the 9/11 incidence increased the urgency of accomplishing these ends. Cardinal Asia is a really of import country for America’s antiterrorist programs. and hence America has been working in assorted ways to derive support of the part. America did win in deriving support in the initial phases. Through assorted support such as the Freedom Support Act financess. America gave aid to the assorted states to assist in its antiterrorism plans. Such plans nevertheless. required the aid of local countries where preparation could be provided to the American military personnels deployed in the assorted parts. America besides wanted assorted bases for its air discourtesies. and hence needed to construct itself strategically in the part. America hence. decided on the policy â€Å"the best defence is a good offense† . which may hold cost its neighbours and the mark states significantly high in the long tally. America explained itself by saying that certain countries in Middle East every bit good as Northeast Asia are parts of instability which must be taken attention of in order to guarantee safety of Asia and forestall any future menace to America. Therefore. for the most portion. America has been transporting out onslaughts on presumed menaces to the American state. while disregarding that these were possible menaces merely. and did non necessitate such barbarous tactics. These and many such intercessions of the American ground forces have created many complications and destabilization in the part itself. and many states are now confronting difference and confusion every bit good as deficiency of safety due to American steps. Kyrgyzstan. Afghanistan. Iraq. Iran. Pakistan and Uzbekistan now face some of the most disruptive times sing their hereafter every bit good as their security. and the changeless but unproductive presence of American military personnels continue to destabilise the harmoniousness of the part. Many personal grounds are besides cited for the war on Iraq. One of the chief grounds why America wished to command Iraq has been its oil militias. which comprise of one of the biggest oil beginnings in the universe. The control of this trade good particularly in the clip when oil monetary values are high is the chief ground why the super powers in the part every bit good as America are seeking to command Iraq. ( Lipinski. 2007 ) with the uninterrupted presence of Saddam Hussein. America was unable to command this really big influencer of the universe economic system with respects to oil. In order to accomplish this control. America had to transport out some kind of military action in the part. Since the war in Iraq. the alterations in the Middle East have been really disruptive and full of assorted reactions. While in the yesteryear. the Central Asia cooperation was something the USA could number on. Iraq was raised inquiries about whether America plans to stabilise or destabilise the part. The Afghanistan war was the initial point where America established its support with the Middle East and the cardinal Asia. but turning concern is taking topographic point as America still struggles to accomplish some balance in the helter-skelter hereafter of Iraq. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) Iraq war has led to increase in competition among the neighbour giants every bit good such as Russia. China and India. who do non wish external influence of USA in the part. Russia since the Iraq war is in tense dealingss with America. and inquiries the true purpose of the USA about the Iraq war. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) Many analysts believe that the measure taken in the signifier of war is really USA seeking to set up control in an country that was one time really hard to accomplish. The jobs on the US believe armored combat vehicle are lifting. for in the yesteryear America was focused merely on the political facet of Iraq. it now has to manage its complex human-centered issues produced straight as a consequence of war. and understand the regional political relations and spiritual tensenesss that are portion of the Iraqi civilization. America still faces tough opposition from Iraqis about their presence in their dirt. and America hence. now has to give human-centered aid along side in o rder to trust any improved dealingss with the locals. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) Russia continues to play against America in this war of panic. and the distressing influence and constitution that the USA is seeking to accomplish in the part. While Russia believes in battling terrorist organisations of all sorts. it is besides asseverating its military presence by bettering its bilateral dealingss in the part through cooperation. Russia in assorted times offered to move as a peacekeeping mission in Commonwealth of Independent States. every bit good as in assorted countries of cardinal Asia. However. Russia can non be called an ally to America. This is because Russia and Chinas have the same involvement in set uping their regional high quality and in this respect do non wish to hold any American presence in the part that can act upon their high quality. Russia’s policies remain to be really of import in the yesteryear every bit good as in the future waies in stableness of Asia. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) America itself changed its schemes with respects to the location of the footing. which it aims to exchange from Saudi Arabia to Qatar. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) This in portion has been done as a consequence of increased tensenesss between Meleagris gallopavo and USA. where Meleagris gallopavo had refused to supply its military footing for USA operations in Iraq. More and more states are now defying America’s invasion in their military parturiencies. and most of them are against usage of their bases on any of the adjacent states. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) Almost all the states in the cardinal every bit good as the remainder of the Asiatic part review America’s onslaught on Iraq and how it has led to destabilization of the part. While ab initio Kazakhstan was some what supportive and even concerted to the operations of America. recent polls have revealed that they Kazakhstan populace besides are against war on Iraq. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) Current SITUATION IN IRAQ The war on Iraq did non accomplish the coveted consequence that America wished. America thought by pulverizing Iraq and Afghanistan. there would be a decrease in the so called terrorist activities that were being carried out by assorted radical Islamic groups. However. the studies have shown other wise. and these activities are now prevailing in many parts of Asia. The atrociousnesss of war in Iraq and Afghanistan possibly are the ground of renewed insurgency and opposition against American invasion in the country. While the states of the part do non back up such radical activities. they surely do non wish America’s presence in the part. and the potency of farther destabilization of the part. which has taken topographic point since the Afghanistan and the Iraq wars. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) The harm to the American resources has besides been high. There has been loss of more than 3000 American soldiers with infinite others who have been injured during the war. The costs of the war on Iraq have been really high. and the sum to be spent on rehabilitation of the country is even higher. With complete destruction of the societal model. the undertaking in front of America to reconstruct Iraq is really immense. ( Lipinski. 2007 ) America at this phase can non retreat from Iraq chiefly due to the disruptive conditions that it has created in the part. Iran and Syria are really likely to fall into contending if Iraq fails. and Saudi Arabia is besides sing military action in the part if the mass violent death of Sunni Muslims is non stopped in the Iraqi part. Along side the issue of Kurds and their battle for the development of a separate state continues. Therefore. America has now become cause for a multi state war. which will hold really annihilating effects on the universe. due to the cardinal presence of oil in the part. ( Lipinski. 2007 ) THE HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE REGION. AND THE ROLE OF VARIOUS NATIONS IN THIS REGARD For the most portion. the war in Iraq and Afghanistan failed to concentrate on the human-centered issues that took topographic point. While these attempts were no uncertainty nowadays. it is merely late that they are get downing to be felt and considered for assorted arguments and attempts. America’s believing form about certain states has been akin to the ideas in the Cold War epoch. Back so America was focused against the Communist governments. and today. it is moving on the same thought form against â€Å"rogue states† which need alteration of administration. ( Wishnick. 2004 ) With the transition of clip. the hatred of Iraqi people towards American military personnels is increasing. which raises the inquiry about peacekeeping missions. ( Lipinski. 2007 ) In the yesteryear. America was sing deploying the US peacekeeping military personnels in to the part. However. the current targeted deceases of American military personnels are coercing America to see international aid for peace maintaining missions. Problem here is that many of the states have merely refused to flip in. merely because they feel America should unclutter the muss up itself. Therefore. America’s many enterprises to make international peacekeeping forces are neglecting wholly. It is now hoped that the aid of UN can salvage Iraq and supply the necessary forces required to finish the peace maintaining procedure in Iraq. ( Lipinski. 2007 ) THE PROBLEMS WITH PEACEKEEPING Current military operations around the universe are now largely concentrated towards peacekeeping missions. With the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. the current environment of the Middle East and cardinal Asia is extremely disruptive. and inquiries sing the type of peacekeeping are increasing. ( Serafina. 2004 ) Sustainable peace in a part requires a secure and stable environment. Stability and peace devising are really slow procedures. which may necessitate the military or the ground forces in the initial phases. but can non win unless there is some strategic policy doing which ensures cooperation and understanding from two parties at difference. Military presence is possibly one of the exacerbating factors in the creative activity of tenseness in the part. Therefore. alternate signifiers of peace keepers are now besides being considered. International civilian constabulary is now among the new line of peacekeeping mission that are hoped non to make tensenesss or aggression in any part that they are deployed into. Such establishments are now deriving attending for their apprehension of the demand of assorted United Nations peacekeeping operations and the ends that united state attempts to accomplish while carry oning such operations. ( Serafina. 2004 ) The argument arises here as to who gets to supply peacekeeping in Iraq. While the UN system of peace maintaining has been working since its origin. there are many who think there is demand for new systems of peacekeeping. This is surely the subject of argument in the US Congress. which is contemplating on whether to advance UN peacekeeping plans by giving it support. or by making a new US peacekeeping system exposing CivPol capablenesss. ( Serafina. 2004 ) The US peacekeeping proposals are aimed at bettering the quality and capablenesss of the CivPol. Many enterprises have been proposed in the past. of which Clinton’s Administration February 2000 Presidential Decision Directive 71. focused on the jurisprudence enforcement facets of peace maintaining. ( Serafina. 2004 ) This in many ways is a really different base from one that Bush disposal took at the beginning of their term. The US authorities had been wholly against the inclusion of the US ground forces into assorted peacekeeping missions of any sort. Now it is suggesting the formation of a new peacekeeping force. which would be trained by the US authorities. Such an docket is non being received to the full by other states. which believe that there should be no individual state ordering the peacekeeping mission or its assorted facets of preparation and dispatching. There are many challenges the US ground forces has to get the better of in order to win at this. The peacekeepin g missions will necessitate a major part of the US ground forces to be abroad. and this will well stretch the bounds of the ground forces. The US chiefly got interested in this plan because it wants a speedy issue scheme from Iraq. which is a state of affairs beyond America’s control. Now it aims to take such plans by giving preparation to the participants around the universe. Again. while in the yesteryear. the UN and other international states acknowledged the high support it got from the US. it was non under any duty for America to take the assorted peace missions. The current proposal given by the US authorities could good present this impression. and hence. there is hesitance from many circles related to it. ( Schrader. 2003 ) THE UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS United Nations can be called one of the first of the assorted peacekeeping missionaries on international graduated table. It has been working continuously since its constitution in to supplying peace in assorted countries of struggle. However. many alterations have taken topographic point since its constitution. and UN is now germinating itself and its authorizations. ( Serafina. 2004 ) There are many grounds for these alterations. For some clip now. the UN peacekeeping missions have been acquiring hapless recommendations with the transition of clip. The Brahimi Panel study in 2000 pointed out assorted jobs in the current UN peacekeeping missions and besides provided some really of import recommendations with respects to bettering it. These recommendations were chiefly affecting the enlisting and preparation. and the deployment of civilian constabulary forces. Such recommendations propose that the CivPol of the UN be a separate force. showing constabulary with military accomplishment s in order to manage efficaciously assorted state of affairss in the tenseness zones. Most of these recommendations besides propose a lessening in the trust of US military forces and creative activity of separate force that is able to transport out international peacekeeping missions. ( Serafina. 2004 ) Among these authorizations is included monitoring of the authorizations. add-on of preparation constituents. the development of authorizations that include significant reform and reconstituting capacities of the current systems. the add-on of constabulary units. and enlargement of the authorizations that provide them with executive authorization about commanding assorted peace state of affairss. Many of these recommendations are brooding of the proposals given by the Brahimi panel. and besides reflect the current tendencies of security. ( Serafina. 2004 ) There are nevertheless. some grounds why UN can lose its liability in Iraq. UN ab initio was wholly against the invasion of Iraq and even refused to back up the invasion. However. when America and its Alliess continued in this program and did occupy Iraq. the UN started to back up the act to avoid any tensenesss from Washington. This badly decreased the credibleness of the UN in many parts of the Earth. and particularly in the Arab states. Subsequently on in 2003. the UN once more caused a terrible bad luck. when it gave an official authorization to the business. claiming that the UK and the US had authorization over the assorted legal procedures of Iraq. UN hence. lost its credibleness as an active force. but became a weak inactive force that was under the monopoly of the USA. and following harmonizing to the caprices of it. ( War and Occupation in Iraq. 2007 ) However. on the positive side. the demand for the UN peacekeepers has neer been higher. In 2007 entirely. the demand was increased to 37. 000 military forces. which was twice the sum of the entire figure of peacekeeping agents deployed globally. The UN is presently being given more undertakings so it can manage. Already it is working in countries such as Lebanon. East Timor. and Darfur. It is now proposed to be deployed in Iraq. which may be excessively much for the UN to manage. The handing over of part such as Iraq to the UN could intend important jobs to the American foreign policy. ( Goldberg. 2007 ) America besides loses its credibleness because of its funding to the UN missions. Although it enjoys the claim of giving 27 % of the budget of peacekeeping to the UN. this sum is non sent. Most of these sums have been cut off by the senator Helms and Henry Hyde. who in fact reduced US parts to the UN by 25 % . This is once more puting to oppugn USA’s involvement in accomplishi ng universe order and peace. and once more puts America in negative visible radiation about its programs for peace and peacekeeping in the universe. Lack of UN support is non merely traveling to impact the quality of UN peacekeeping. but besides American involvements. This contradictory function of America. where it continues to back up assorted peace doing missions across the Earth with out supplying any support. is diminishing its credibleness among the states globally. ( Goldberg. 2007 ) Of the current enterprises taken to better the current peace maintaining forces of UN. there is increased involvement in rectifying the many highlighted mistakes and rectifying them consequently. Much of these intend a complete upgrading of the mission itself. and regenerating the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. ( Johnson. 1997 ) Among the assorted intercessions were included field disposal and logistics division to better working. The forces have been increased well so as to guarantee proper operation and turning away of understaffing. There has been work done to set up a 24 hr contact with all countries where peace maintaining missions are being carried out. so as to stay up to day of the month at changeless gait. There are attempts to better the degree of counsel and way of operations in this country. and the debut of assorted manuals have been introduced to assist in steering the assorted missions. These and other such enterprises are hoped to better the results of the UN peacekeeping forces. which in bend may assist in deciding differences in countries such as Iraq. ( Johnson. 1997 ) Introduction TO CIV POL IN PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS CivPol or the civilian constabulary construct is a comparatively new one in the peacekeeping and international focal point. CivPol has been working in one signifier or the other since the late 19Thursdaycentury. While ab initio working at low profile in assorted international peacekeeping missions. CivPol started to derive attending station 1994. of all time since its debut into the United Nations. the CivPol profile has increased well. and now CivPol is fast going an of import constituent in the assorted peace missions around the universe. ( Serafina. 2004 ) Many states provide preparation and aid to the CivPol. and America is included among these. The primary map of the CivPol can be summarized by saying that it â€Å"monitors and supervises local forces. behaviors articulations patrol with them. trains and advises them. and aids in restructuring and reformation. including designation and ejection of unwanted members† ( Serafina. 2004 ) . CivPol’s maps can be summarized by their acronym SMART. which stands for support for human rights. monitoring. reding. coverage and preparation. Civilian constabulary has been an of import portion of the UN peacekeeping missions. Most of the forces that are included in such squads belong to Jordon. followed by America. Other states which are actively supplying members in the CivPol include India. Germany. Turkey. Ukraine. Nepal. Malaysia. Romania and Pakistan. While many states take portion in the preparation of these forces. there is an option of preparation of one state forces by a state under UN supervising. ( Serafina. 2004 ) With increased efficaciousness of these plans in commanding struggle state of affairss. the CivPol are now going the new force of peace maintaining mission around the universe. THE US CIVILIAN POLICE PROGRAM: AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL PEACEKEEPERS? USA is among the really few states which are working towards the creative activity of the US CivPol plan. This plan is involved in developing of the policy of the CivPol. and supplying assorted preparations that may be required for effectual operation of the recruits on assorted international missions. ( Serafina. 2004 ) These plans involved contractual employees from assorted local and municipal jurisprudence enforcement bureaus. Two companies have been main providers of the forces in this plan and include the DynCorp International and the Civilian Police International. Most of its support comes from channels such as the regional agency of the province sections and the peacekeeping histories. ( Serafina. 2004 ) This preparation plan nevertheless is non inexpensive. Annual costs of each US CivPol can run from $ 100. 000 to $ 175. 000 per caput harmonizing to the location of the struggle. These costs are presently the highest in the part of Iraq. which is raising inquiries about the entire costs and the budget deductions. ( Serafina. 2004 ) Among the two current issues sing the US ground forces and the peacekeeping issues is the whether the US ground forces be placed in UN control for peacekeeping intents. and whether the president should confer with with the Congress before any deployment of US military. The demand for inclusion of US military in the UN is the pressing demand due to the reducition in the figure of UN forces. However. the support of UN peacekeeping missions is dearly-won for the US. Many policies are being considered for the decrease of the figure of US soldiers in foreign peace maintaining operations. In Bosnia. the figure of US soldiers is being reduced. where as America has refused to supply any military support for Afghanistan peace maintaining missions. America presently is confronting many jobs with respects to its peace maintaining mission in Iraq. There are many hurdlings that America has to get the better of in order to let the Iraqi people to allow them transport out such operations. The Iraqis do non swear the Americans and believe that they are after the resources of Iraq and are in Iraq to avail the economic advantages of the part. America will hold a really tough clip in turn outing this. since many of the actions done by the US authorities in Iraq boulder clay now have non respected any of the cultural or economic values of the part. Another ground why the US military will hold jobs making so is due to the type of developing that they undergo as a soldier. The peacekeeping companies are fundamentally involved in deciding struggle. while the military forces are chiefly involved in combat and contending accomplishments. The usage restraint is required in peacekeeping missions instead than offense. which is non a common tacti c taught in the armed forces. It is in this mentality that the American authorities is sing the option of a separate peacekeeping force. ( Serafino. 2003 ) Reversion TO TRADITIONAL METHOD OF Peacekeeping: Turn TO UNwith the addition in the list of failures of the US authorities about the assorted facets of war. the planetary do-gooder and justness system supports that the UN should be handed over the disposal of Iraq. This. they claim is the lone possible manner to continue Iraq and forestall any catastrophe in the country. The protagonists of the UN mission put frontward four statements in favour over America’s peace maintaining mission. One restriction to the use of UN in Iraq is that UN has non been involved in any peacekeeping missions that may necessitate the usage of force to command the affairs. UN has shown more success in non violent peace missions. ( Johnson. 1997 ) The grounds cited for such is the deficiency of resources and the deficiency of sufficient will by the international community to transport out such intercessions. Time has besides revealed assorted operational and organisational mistakes in the UN peacekeeping steps. and assorted geopolitical state of affairss and countries mean that non all can be handled in the same manner as earlier. UN besides faces changeless deficiency of peace keepers as it means a voluntary proviso on behalf of the member states. Another concern is that it is neer confirmed whether the national troop contingents will transport out the orders given by the UN force commanding officer. These two issues really much undermine the degree of assertiveness that the UN can take. but is non allowed to. In this respect. with less authorization and expertness about carry oning forceful peace doing operations. the UN loses credibleness as the best possible option. ( Johnson. 1997 ) Decision Under the present conditions the continued stay of American ground forces in the Iraqi part can take to more force and negative results. American war on Iraq has caused important harm to the country that will take old ages to mend. The cultural loss of old heritage edifices is a important job that America has created in the part. With many atrociousnesss that have been carried out by the Americans in the Iraqi dirt. their staying will merely increase the degree of hatred among the Iraqis. Any effort to accommodate with this state will neglect bitterly. due to the utmost negative behaviour of the American authorities and the ground forces from the start. With this in head and the sort of harm that has demolished the whole societal cloth of Iraqi life. it is no admiration that America remains the most despised state in the Iraqi list. In this respect. the lone possible solution to the current Iraqi state of affairs is the deployment of forces that are impersonal and 1s to which the Iraqi people will react to in a more positive mode. Such a force should be wholly barren of any American influence. In this respect. the function of the UN peace maintaining mission or the traditional peacekeeping missions may be the lone manner any consequences can be achieved in the country. While UN is non used to managing highly sensitive and volatile countries. and it has led Iraq down in the yesteryear. the Iraqis are more likely to put their trust on the UN than on America. With the inclusion of international support and the voicing of international recommendations. there is more hope that Iraq will react quicker to UN than to US. However. there are many factors involved in the current state of affairs in Iraq and if the UN does non understand and react to them consequently. even the UN can neglect. The inquiry hence. should be. is at that place any hope for the hereafter of Iraq? Mentions Mark Leon Goldberg. 2007. the Coming Peacekeeping Crunch. The American Prospect. May 22. 2007. site last accessed on February 17Thursday. 2008 from Harold J Johnson. 1997. UN Peacekeeping. Issues Related to Effectiveness. Cost and Reform. Statement of Harold J Johnson. Associate Director. International Relations and Trade Issues. National Security and International Affairs Division Daniel Lipinski. 2007. A New Path for America’s Iraq Policy. January 9Thursday. 2007. site last accessed on February 16Thursday. 2008 from file hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lipinski. house. gov/index2. php? option=com_content A ; do_pdf=1 A ; id= Esther Schrader. 2003. US Looks at Forming Global Peace Keeping Force. Global Policy Forum. Site last accessed on February 18Thursday. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/irqindx. htm Nina M Serafino. 2004. Patroling in Peacekeeping and Related Stability Operations: Problems and Proposed Solutions. Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. Nina M Serafino. 2003. Peacekeeping: Issues of US Military Involvement. Issue brief for Congress. Site last accesed on February 13Thursday. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //digital. library. unt. edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-4254:1. War and Occupation in Iraq. 2007. site last accessed on February 13Thursday. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/iraq/occupation/report/1introduction. htm Elizabeth Wishnick. 2004. Strategic Consequences of the Iraq War: US Security Interestsin in Central Asia Reassessed. The Strategic Studies Institute Stephen Zunes. 2003. Transfer the Administration of Iraq to the UN. Foreign Policy in Focus. Site last accessed on February 10Thursday. 2008 fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. presentdanger. org/commentary/2003/0307untrans. hypertext markup language