Purpose of a Job Description Essay

The primary purpose of a job description is to identify the duties, essential functions and requirements of the position. Job descriptions also serve several other important functions. A good job description can assess work flow and eliminate duplication of effort and also help to assist in the evaluation of the employees’ job performance. It should be a statement of what duties and responsibilities the employee is expected to complete and a means for achieving them. Job descriptions can also be used as recruitment tools, compensation surveys and other benchmarks tools. Job descriptions are used for different purposes by the employee and the Human Resources Department. Human Resource managers, can use job descriptions for employee training and development and establishing and updating performance standards. In general, a job description includes the title, a description of the tasks performed, and information on working conditions. It can also include any other attributes that the employer requires for that position such as: education, knowledge, skills and personality suitability. (Verma, 2007) Many business challenges such as the introduction of new technology, or increased business competition, can be more easily met when employees are well prepared and trained to have the required skills. The company I work for, for example, informs all the employees with the latest updates within the company by sending a letter. With detailed job descriptions, you can compare the actual tasks of employees to what needs to be done within the organization. This helps you easily identify critical areas that need to be addressed, ensuring you have a global view of your organization’s strengths and weaknesses and, at the same time, a detailed view of each employee’s areas of strengths and areas for improvement or change. In the recruitment process, a job description gives potential employees comprehensive information about the job for which they are applying. An accurate and effective job description filters applicants who are being evaluated for the opening – helping generate a higher-quality pool of applicants. It also serves as a resource to the supervisor who is filling a position by helping determine the types of selection tools that should be used when hiring. The Sim-Industries HR department has been in place for 1, 5 years now and they still have not made time to develop job descriptions, because the management did not see this as a priority. The company was in its initial fase and all the employees were expected to be flexible during that period. For example, the finance manager worked in the finance department but was also involved in the human resource department and he was furthermore acting as the PA of the CEO. Currently we have two hundred employees and I believe that it is time to start setting up job descriptions. We need structure and the different kind of functions within the company should be defined. It must be clear what duties a colleague has and what he or she is responsible for within the organization. It will be a lot clearer for new employees to have a job description as they will then have a better understanding what the organization is expecting from them. As I can see now in the organization, many employees do not exactly know what their duties are and who is responsible for what. Therefore I think that we should consider the introduction of another type of management. With for example performance management, we will reach more personal involvement between employees and managers due the fact that the system is based on managing the strategy of the organization. The goals in the organization will be more specific when the managers constantly ask themselves: ‘How are we going to reach that? ’ and ‘Who is responsible for that? ’ When they start using the new system, the strategy will become clearer.

Americans with a Better Cause (Abc), a Nonprofit Organization Essay

According with what we learned so far and the book, there are 4 sources of American law. The U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of the various states. Statutory law—including laws passed by Congress, state legislatures, or local governing bodies. Regulations created by administrative agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration. And finally, case law and common law doctrines. In the case of a federal statute conflicting with the United States Constitution then the Constitution will take priority as it has throughout history of the U.S. Supreme Court. If a federal law is in direct conflict with a state statute, where the â€Å"supremacy clause† is valid, such as interstate commerce for example, then the federal law will be superior. However, if the federal law is NOT one that the federal government has exclusive control over, then the state constitution will control unless the federal government can show there is government need that is greater, as in the case of a national emergency, for example. The U.S. Constitution will always have priority if any law is in violation of it regardless of what its source. If a state constitution does not violate the U.S. Constitution of federal law then it is supreme within the state’s borders, thus in both cases the U.S.Constitution will always prevail. Hence in the case above the DOJ enforcing the constitutional laws trumps the ABC suit conflicting with state law. The U.S. Constitution will always trump any federal statute but it is irrelevant if a federal statute conflicts with a state constitution due to the supremacy clause. US Constitution Art VI, Clause 2 â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.† Therefore, in settling the constitutional question would, if upheld, eventually by the U.S.Supreme Court if necessary, end the case. But, if not upheld or thrown our of court, then it would have to go to the state court and this might set up another Constitutional challenge, involving again, taking it to the U.S.Supreme Court again.

The Pepsi Refresh Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Pepsi Refresh Project - Research Paper Example Social media marketing entails using these social media platforms for direct marketing. Corporate blogs have become an important medium for enhancing communication with the internal and external customers (Cox, Martinez & Quinlan, 2008). Viral transfer of messages through corporate blogs reduces advertising costs while disseminating new about products and services (Scammel, 2006). The social media, being interactive in nature, has enabled customer involvement in content creation and value generation, which helps businesses to understand and serve their customers better (Abrahams, 2012). This enhances customer engagement thereby enabling the organization to build long-term customer relationship. Engaging the customer has become important in the turbulent business environment today. Apple or its iPod and iPad, CNN and Starbucks have been extensively using social media marketing for building brand awareness and brand community (Palmer & Koenig-Lewis, 2009). The number of active FaceBook users reached 500 million by 2010 with over 70% users being outside the US. More than 10 million Tweets or messages had been sent by March 2010 since its launch in 2006 (Baird & Parasnis, 2011). These have now reached a state that consumers and their virtual networks drive the conversation, which poses challenges for businesses. Companies are increasingly becoming engaged in social media marketing because they believe they will be â€Å"out of touch† if they do not do so. However, consumers have their own reasons for being engaged in social media platforms. They expect tangible benefits such as discount coupons for sharing their opinions. Thus, while social media marketing has a wider reach and great potential to engage and build customer relationship, it also poses challenges. It is also not known to what extent businesses are ready for using this platform as this is a shift from the traditional marketing media such as advertising through television and magazines. Moreover, the users might be increasing but many use social media merely to connect with family and friends. 2. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Social Media Marketing for business entrepreneurs. Social media marketing has several advantages such as that it allows business to gather information about their clients, create communities and encourage participation (Champoux, Durgee & McGlynn, 2012). Entrepreneurs that have been able to incorporate the social media into their business model have been able to increase brand awareness (27%), boost sales (15%) and improve customer service (11%) (Tuttle, 2010). They use the social media marketing to achieve a high level of search engine optimization (SEO) and natural search generate more sales. Increased brand awareness, increased customer acquisition and spread of information and other links is very fast through linking systems. This facilitates stakeholder communication but the disadvantage here is that the company has no control over t he content (Aula, 2010). Both small and big businesses have been harnessing the potential of social media marketing. Big businesses such as IBM own more than 100 blogs, several official Twitter accounts and a popular forum called developerWorks (Zarrella, 2010).

Communication Strategies in Nike Inc Assignment

Communication Strategies in Nike Inc - Assignment Example The paper tells that Nike is dominating the sports material industry for the past 33 years. Nike emerged as the number one athletic footwear company in the US and secured the position of number two American brands in terms of name recognition among overseas consumers, the status of the company matched with that of renowned organizations such as IBM and Coca-Cola. This high degree of recognition is one of the main reasons how Nike has been so vastly successful. "Values and mission is the vision of Nike". Values and Mission both are hand glove, which makes the vision a meaningful. Nike's core values center on the spirit of competition and the thrill of winning, its mission is a big hairy, audacious goal that has led it to annihilate its competitors, Adidas and Reebok. The company's goals include delivery of value to the shareholders by building a profitable portfolio of global footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories brands. And High single-digit revenue growth; Mid-teens earnings per share growth; Increased return on invested capital and accelerated cash flows; and Consistent results through effective management of its diversified portfolio of businesses. Nike is continuously engaged in the construction of its effective and impressive strategies and to achieve the goals with its profoundly qualified and experienced team of directors and presidents and its CEO. The strategies are focused in four key areas such as 1.Deepening the company relationship with consumers, developing, improving and maintaining the relationship with the consumers is vital for any organization especially the company engaged in the business of consumer goods; 2.Delivering superior, innovative products to the marketplace, it is very important to keep a keen watch on the improving trends in technology and fashion to and adjust the quality of the products to suit accordingly to the changed conditions there fore this good strategy which can keep the customers behavior intact with the compa ny product; 3.Making the company's supply chain a competitive advantage, through operational discipline and excellence, the company supply chain also plays important role in the business sine it is ultimate wing which enables to reach the company product to the intended audience if this supply chain is not monitored, managed and not made at competitive and advantageous to the end audience the market for the product will immensely effect; and 4.Accelerating growth through focused execution, construction and planning of the strategies only the first step towards achieving the aimed growth of the industry the aims and objective can be achieved only when they are implemented and put into execution. The communication strategies of the company with its audience includes the marketing communication teams these teams which include the supplier chain, distribution chain and the sales divisions; Posters this mode of communication leaves impressions on the consumers about the company products, the posters depicting quality and its feature of the product the company wants to communicate to the intended audience; Trade shows and Displays, trade shows and displays are also effective means of communication.

Middle East Conflict Resolution and the Arab Spring Essay

Middle East Conflict Resolution and the Arab Spring - Essay Example The region has shown higher economic growth from 1965 to 1985. However, due to several conflicts and wars prevailed in the region, its economic growth and development has drastically fallen. The conflicts in the Middle East region have been a never ending process from centuries. The recent conflicts in the region have significantly affected its economic progression as compared to others. One of the major conflicts, which took place in the recent past few years, is the Syrian Civil war. More importantly, there always have been conflicts amid the two Islamic groups of the region, including Sinai and Shia (Soliman, 2013; Wilson, 2012). The conflicts among the two Islamic groups have resulted into devastating economic and social loss from decades. Similarly, in last decade, a devastating war in Iraq can be witnessed, wherein millions of people have been affected. Moreover, as a result of certain issues including corruption and terrorist attack among others, there has been extreme downfall in the developmental procedure of the economy of the region. This certainly resulted into discouraging the conduct of business efficiently in the region. Thus, the people of the region in order to bring back the economy on track, protested with the conduct of certain revolutionary activities against the government. One of such significant revolutionary acts can be ascertained as the Arab Spring. The activities involved in the revolt included riots, tremendous civil disobedience, self immolation and strikes that disrupted the normal functionalities of the region (Soliman, 2013; Wilson, 2012). Contextually, the prime intent of this essay is to discuss and analyze one of the significant issues i.e. â€Å"Middle East Conflict Resolution and the Arab Spring† with prime focus on determining its impact on modern businesses. In this similar context, various

Ronald Dworkin's views Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ronald Dworkin's views - Personal Statement Example 4) Mill Stuart's ideas on freedom of ideas may be better choice. Though it doesn't completely agrees with it, it does agree with the idea of allowing the free flow of ideas so for complete human development as one doesn't know what will turn out to be beneficial for human beings in future. Thus human beings, their society and their civilization to complete flourish, free flow of all kinds of ideas should be allowed 5) If we give value to free expression, then any law prohibiting free expression or dictating to people to live their lives in certain manners should be prohibited/banned. However, it can argued that certain free expression may lead to social destruction, and thus the law continues to be implemented. But then, we don't know, as Mill's said, what sort of ideas will be beneficial for human beings and what shouldn't be. And thus for complete development, all ideas must be allowed to be circulated. 6) But in order to ban pornography one needs to being in evidence showing the harm caused by increase of pornography. However, the committee has been unable to bring in any such evidence. Restriction is not much of problem as it doesn't seriously curtail the ideas that pornography might contribute to society 7) This report is goal based. It seeks not a definite goal but a goal where most people have what they want. It doesn't consider pornography outright wrong, crude and disgusting but doesn't admit that it is a less desirable contributor to intellectual development. It assumes that society, with allowance of free flow, will make intelligent ideas of what is good for them and live accordingly. But it admit that not all ideas are conducive to human development or will produce the best society some time in future, thus some curtailment and restriction of pornography must be practiced. 8) Why should live sex be prohibited' Is complete ban of live sex, supported by the report' If yes, why' What the report says bring forth the idea that it is because "others" (those not involved, neither audience or performers) suffer from mental distress knowing that other people are involved in it. But the report had, initially rejected all harms of mental nature. And if people should stop doing what they want to do, only because others don't like it, it means that they don't have complete liberty to live their lives as they wish. --- This cannot be true or supported by the report that " others" find it degrading. It is supports its ban because it is indeed degrading. That means it can lead to cultural pollution. However, the report does admit that it takes place so rarely that its effect would be minimum. Thirdly, in its case, slippery slop argument will be too strong. However, writer finds no strong argument to ban it. It believes that's the live sex is intolerable even in restri cted form, should be banned even wen the committee have no strong argument against it. 9) Why prohibit some material and restrict another' In case of restriction of open advertising, it offers 3 arguments in its favor. 1) More harm in public display than personal consumption 2) cultural pollution is greater 3) the slippery slope is less of a danger because material of any value is still be exchanged, though privately. 10) Considering argument number 1) by limiting the pornographic material to those who want it, does not defeat the purpose of its publication that is valuable exchange of ideas still takes place, except lesser income for its author.

Corporate Criminals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Criminals - Essay Example The problem is that the justice system is terribly unfair from the beginning. The reason people get upset about corporate executives is because they are always associated with lots of money. This makes the American public angry because someone without money cannot have the same privilege as someone who is wealthy. According to Cray, these corporate executives have partnerships with the department of Justice that says they will not be prosecuted as long as they say who started the process inside the corporation. This creates a very sneaky way for executives to side step their own issues. It is important to note that some corporate executives are prosecuted more than others. As an example, Martha Stewart went to jail for her insider training deals. She was a celebrity and many people took issue with her because she was wealthy and white. She served her time, helped the female inmates by writing a book for them and came out of it unscathed by most peoples standards. However, somewhere in the soul of Martha she had to deal with people physically hurting her and she had to deal with being behind bars for a period of time. She spent the time and saw what it was like and perhaps has learned her lesson. This is supposedly what our justice system is supposed to do and in my opinion, it does not matter how long a person spends in prison; it matters that they learn from their

Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Shortage - Essay Example A few nurses are ready to help the distressed individuals due to many reasons and scarcity of nurses is creating many impacts on patients as well as the healthcare industry. This study has been selected to scrutinize the impact of nurse scarcity on the health care industries to convey ample health care assessment, diagnosis and treatment services to patients. The evaluation of the required number of nurses because of the patient to nurse ratio and availability of floor nurses is crucial in terms of getting the right considerations to the problem (Dinsdale, 2004). Chapter 2: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..14 Nursing Staff Shortage and the Hospital Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Post Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 The shortage of acute care nurses is one of the primary concerns in the healthcare industry across the world. The issue has created a substantial impact on the fitness activities efficiency in hospitals and healthcare centers. Several studies have shown that the nursing graduates entering in the nursing profession and those who are still in the occupation are not enough to facilitate the hospitals and patients. The healthcare professional shortage is one of the chief impediments in the achievement of United Nation’s Millennium Development goals to remove poverty, hunger, improvement of education systems, reduction in morbidity, and mortality as written in the guidelines of the year 2004 that are provided by the international nursing council (Littlejohn, Campbell & Collins-McNeil, 2012). The problem of shortage of acute care nurses has a relation to the past historical staffing, appointment, resources, nursing demand estimation, and nursing concerns for healthcare services of a country. The issue of shortage of nurses is not easily measureable and demands extraordinary planning and requirements. The relative

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay Example for Free

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay It is usually the wish of every person to be successful. This is the reason why most people strive to secure careers that are not only successful but also lucrative. Business related careers are usually the most competitive; hence, they are quite flooded with people. A profession in sales is one of the business careers that are flooded. Salespersons are people tasked with the responsibility of foreseeing the selling of goods or services to other entities so that the company can make profits in return (Vogt). A career in sales is usually critical, hence, only the best are assigned these positions. Before one commences his or her career a salesperson, he or she ought to possess a number of qualifications. For instance, to be successful as a salesperson, apart from good communication skills, one ought to have patience as well as good attitude (Foley). The study aims to address the basic requirements that one ought to possess in order to be successful in a sales career. Listening and Asking Questions The reason why a career in sales is challenging is because it is vast due to the large number of people already present in this profession. Hence, in order to stand out, apart from being determined, one also ought to work harder. First, one needs to be confident. When one is confident, this increases chances of becoming successful since clients will also become confident in him or her. For this to be achieved, one ought to be inquisitive. That is, apart from asking questions, one has to pay attention to the answers being given by clients (Michaels). According to Michaels, this skill distinguishes ordinary salespersons from those that are skilled and successful. This is because most salespersons spend their time trying to convince clients into purchasing their products instead of discovering the actual needs of these clients. In order to portray confidence, one has to speak with authority about the goods or services. In such cases, consistency is mandatory. This is because any attempt to flatter or change attitude is normally devastating since it makes one appear fake and unprofessional (YEC). Being in possession of good listening skills is of great importance to salespersons since it allows clients express themselves freely, hence, increasing chances of customer loyalty (Foley). While listening, it is vital that one observes a number of skills. For instance, one ought to be sincere, that is, listening to customers without any hidden agenda whatsoever. Second, one ought to possess good ethics; this implies that good salespersons are not supposed to talk someone into something. They ought to listen to what clients want. Finally, to create good relationships, one also has to ask questions that will enable prospective clients make wise purchasing decisions (Michaels). In order to be a successful salesperson, one ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve this skill, salespersons need to ensure that they perform lots of research on the background of products they are selling and their capacities (YEC). For instance, good salespersons ought to comprehend products being sold in addition to articulating their value. This skill is quite essential since it boosts customer loyalty. Most customers prefer dealing with salespersons that have full knowledge of the prod ucts they need. For this to be achieved, knowledge is mandatory. Persuasiveness The main objective of a salesperson in any organization is to ensure that goods and services are sold, which is usually directly proportional to the company’s profitability. For a company to achieve the required profits, salespersons ought to be persuasive. By being persuasive, they are normally in a position to attract more customers into purchasing their products or services. In order to be persuasive, one needs to have good communications skill in addition to transparency as well as positive attitude. It is only though this that one will be in a position to attract more customers into making purchases (YEC). According to Foley, good salespersons use platforms such as seminars to persuade more customers into purchasing their products. Although it is the responsibility of every salesperson to be persuasive, what makes some salespersons successful than others is the manner in which they use their persuasive skills (Foley). One’s persuasiveness is normally determined by the manner in which he or she interacts with prospective clients. It is the responsibility of a good salesperson to initiate a conversation. The main objective of starting a conversation is usually to engage the client by asking questions that will make him talk. It is only after initiating a conversation that a salesperson is able to persuade his client into purchasing a product or service (Foley). When a client responds positively to the conversation initiated by the salesperson, this enables the salesperson obtain useful information on what the client really wants. Apart from the acquisition of insight on what the client wishes to purchase, the conversation also enables the salesperson know how much money the clients are willing to spend in addition to whether they will make any compromises or not. Acquisition of these insights is usually of great importance since it distinguishes skilled salespersons. It is through this inform ation that a salesperson is able to persuade a client into purchasing a product or service. According to Vogt, for a salesperson to be successful in persuading more clients into making purchases, one ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. When a salesperson acts more of a friend, this increases chances of making more sales since clients feel at ease when interacting with such a person. In order to achieve this persuasive skill, one needs to ensure that he or she talks politely with prospective clients and with an attitude that is friendly. Through persuasiveness, clients become at ease since they tend to believe that the salesperson serving them is helping them make good purchase decisions and not trying to make them spend their money on goods and services (Vogt). Intelligence Although all salespersons can be persuasive, not all of them possess the intelligence factor. Intelligence is one of the main factors that determine whether a salesperson has a successful career or not. According to studies, for one to have a successful career as a salesperson, one ought to possess intelligence (Vogt). Intelligent salespersons portray a number of skills. For instance, they are usually self-motivated, this enables them interact positively with their customers, hence, increasing chances of making more sales. Intelligent salespersons rarely take no for an answer. This is because they know how to persist politely (YEC). Good salespersons know that rejection is part of sales; hence, not all sales end positively. Despite this form of awareness, great salespersons are never discouraged. This is because they never take rejections personally. Whereas normal salespersons embrace rejections, successful salespersons use them as stepping-stones to success. Apart from intelligent, successful salespersons are also personable as well as self-driven. These mixed personalities are usually of great importance to successful salespersons since they enable them acquire many prospective clients, hence, resulting to the creation of strong customer relations, which result to high dividends within a short period. Intelligent salespersons also possess good empathy; that is, the manner in which they interact with their customers. For a salesperson to be successful, he or she ought to relate properly with customers, for instance, supporting clients into making the right decisions. In order to achieve this, one ought to be in possession of personal empathy. Through empathy, salespersons are able to pay attention to the needs of prospective clients. Similarly, through empathy, they are also able to relate properly with clients (YEC). Conclusion Salespersons are usually the people tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that goods and services are sold. This profession is quite demanding since it requires lots of dedication. The salespersons profession is quite flooded, hence, to stand out, one ought to be determined and confident. In order to achieve this, one ought to embrace a number of factors. For instance, one needs to possess good listening skills. Through listening, salespersons are able to comprehend what the client needs as well as how much money a client is willing to spend on a certain product or service. Apart from listening skills, successful salespersons also ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve knowledge, they have to conduct research on the products and services they are selling. Finally, for a person to be successful as a salesperson, apart from being persuasive, one also ought to be intelligent. For a salesperson to stand out from the rest, he ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. T his increases the chances of purchases since clients tend to become at ease with a friendly salesperson. References Foley, Len. â€Å"The Ten Laws of Sales Success.† Entrepreneur. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/239642 Michaels, Sharon. â€Å"3 Powerful Skills you must have To Succeed In Sales.† Forbes. 2011. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.forbes.com/sites/womensmedia/2011/08/22/3-powerful-skills-you-must-have-to-succeed-in-sales/ Vogt, Peter. â€Å"Have a Great First Year in Sales.† Monster. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://career-advice.monster.com/in-the-office/starting-a-new-job/have-a-great-first-year-in-sales/article.aspx YEC. â€Å"13 Traits of an Outstanding Salesperson.† INC. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.inc.com/young-entrepreneur-council/13-qualities-to-look-for-in-your-next-sales-hire.html Source document

The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement Essay Example for Free

The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement Essay The two authors are finalising the first comprehensive bibliography on the Theory of Constraints (TOC)[23] which is to be published by North River Press, the publishers of several works on TOC, most notably Eli Goldratt’s seminal works [l l-171, such as The Goal, It’s Not Luck, and Critical Chain. Based on our extensive search of the literature, this talk will draw on examples of applications of TOC, and summae important findings on the theory and practice of TOC. Although initially a manufacturing method, TOC has now developed into a theory about management: a powerful systemic problem structuring and problem solving methodology which can be used to develop solutions with both intuitive power and analytical rigour. TOC is increasingly being applied to situations outside the manufacturing context, including distribution, marketing, project management, accounting in fact, any situation involving change to a system. 1 Introduction The main motivation for the research reported in this paper was the realisation that TOC is growing very rapidly, and we simply did not know what was â€Å"out there†; ie what had already been tackled. Hence our mission two years ago was to conduct a literature search to identify recent works (mostly post 1990). This search has culminated in an annotated bibliography, which is to be published shortly by North River Press [23]. Alongside this literature research grew a Masters thesis, pulling all this material together, both the theory and the practice. [2] This paper will first briefly outline the background to TOC, and then report on the practice-related material from the survey of published applications and the findings. Readers wishing to gain the benefit of a fuller treatment of this material for a review of the entire TOC field are referred to [2]; while those wishing to obtain a copy of the bibliography are referred to [23]. In its brief 20-year history, TOC has developed rapidly in terms of both methodology (see for example [6], [S]) and area of applications (see for example, [ 191, 271). In the late 1970’s, the founder of the Theory of Constraints (TOC), Eliyahu Goldratt, Israeli physicist turned business guru, developed a revolutionary method for production scheduling [lo] which was in  stark contrast to accepted methods available at the time, such as MRP. Central to the TOC philosophy was that any organisation (or system) has a constraint (or small number of constraints) which dominate the entire system. The secret to success lies with managing these constraints, and the system as it interacts with these constraints, to get the best out of the whole system. The Drum-Buffer-Rope schedulingsystem, together with the general principles espoused in The Goal, were elements of TOC that became part of successful manufacturing management. Even so, some companies failed in their attempts to adopt OPT, the software package based on Goldratt’s method [lo]. Such failure was usually diagnosed as an inability or unwillingness by the organisation to discard old traditions, and embrace the new philosophy and the new measures that were concomitant with successful adoption. The most common measures that need to be reviewed are accounting measures, as TOC promotes the use of global system-wide measures, rather than local measures. The motivation for this is that if a system as a whole is to achieve its goal, it is best for the system’s individual parts to work as a team in â€Å"sync† rather than at their own individual speeds. Given that the major constraint to improvement was the resistance to changing these measures, it is not surprising therefore that this is the direction that TOC followed, to tackle this biggest constraint to adoption behaviours. Thus the TOC Thinking Processes were born: a suite of tools that allows people to learn and use the thinking processes that enable them to develop their own solutions to complex problems. This suite of tools enables analysis of a situation, using the rigour of cause and effect thinking following strict logic rules, combined with the intuition and knowledge of the persons owning, or intimately involved with, the problem. The TP’s enable more complex problems (â€Å"messes†) to be tackled, and have much in common with other soft systems approaches such as SSM and SODA/cognitive mapping. In our opinion, these thinking processes now offer much to OIUMS practitioners (as well as the more traditional users from the Operations Management field). 2 The Survey The literature search has uncovered over 310 items on TOC, including 32 books. The majority of these were developing/discussing the methodology from a theoretical viewpoint. Many claims were made regarding the benefits of TOC. These included increased throughputs, reduced inventories and lead-times, which in turn would lead to higher sales, and improved profits, quality, and customer satisfaction. However we felt it would also be useful to collect together and analyse the actual reported data on the benefits of TOC, to verify or disprove these claims. The literature search identified over one hundred case studies or vignettes that contained information on the results of applications of TOC. Not all cases or vignettes provided quantitative data on the results of applying TOC. In total, we were able to collect quantitative data on the application of TOC to seventy-seven different companies. The types of organisations covered by these cases varied from giant multi-national corporations and industry leaders like Boeing and GM, to military organisations lie the US Aii Force, to small town bakeries. The vast majority of TOC applications were in the manufacturing sector. Within this sector, there are significant clusters of applications in the aerospace, apparel, automotive, electronics, furniture, semiconductor, steel and heavy engineering industries. Most of these focused on the manufacturing operations of each organisation. However, there were several instances of application to administrative functions. Analysis of the frequency of article and book publications per year shows a considerable growth of publications in recent years. This is partially due to the formation of the Constraints Management Special Interest Group within the influential APICS. This year, we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of books published on TOC, withnine new books hitting the shelves, including [6], [21], [26]. This takes the total number of books on TOC to 32, since the release of The Goal [ 151 in 1984. TOC is a complex methodology requiring skill and cooperation to implement. This may be why there have been few â€Å"complete† applications of the methodology reported in the literature. Most applications involve components of the overall philosophy, predominantly the operations management technique, DBR, and the constraint oriented continuous  improvement technique, the Five Focusing Steps. This is significant as many of the results of applications, summarised below, are the result of only the partial power of TOC. The case survey methodology [20] used for data collection has limitations, the main one being the lack of consistency in the reporting conventions. Authors used a range of different frames and methods for reporting results. Thus, there were limitations to the types of data that were usable. However, sample size of 78 applications provided sufficient data for robust conclusions for most variables, the only exception being changes in profitability; the small sample size for this is thought to be due to commercial sensitivity. However, this deficiency is made up by a reasonable sample of organisations reporting changes in revenue resulting from the application. In total, a sample of twenty-five -data points were gathered for changes in financial performance. Inherent within the case survey methodology is the potential for bias on the part of the authors themselves, and academic journal editors. However the latter bias may be mitigated in part, as articles relating to TOC were published in some 83 different journals and magazines. The great majority of applications reported in the literature were conducted in North America. A number of European applications were reported, with only a few cases emerging from the UK and Australasia. 2.1 Data Analysis This research exercise is believed to be the first published examination of the actual performance of the Theory of Constraints’. The table in Appendix 1 gives a selection of the results2. We were initially concerned that there were so many apparent gaps in the data, as it could be argued that these omissions indicate that these factors were not improved, or that only a few factors in each case improved, perhaps even to the detriment of other factors. However, on reflection we recognised there are many valid reasons for such omissions. Firstly, several of the measures used are essentially measuring the same  effect: eg Lead-time, Cycle Time and Due Date performance all measure the company’s ability to respond speedily to customer orders. Thus one would not expect authors to report all measures. Secondly, many companies do not wish to report factors such as financial results, for competitive reasons. Thirdly, many companies adopt TOC with a particular focus, such as to improve due date performance and may fail to give much attention to effects outside this focus. Furthermore, it is often difficult to collect hard data: people do not always take measurements before they make changes: they may not envisage how effective this approach will be often they have tried other methods before, and the results have not been noteworthy, so why should this method be any different? Sometimes the results are simply too hard to calculate: eg to calculate the Inventory figures using Goldratt’s definition (see [6], [ 161 or [27]) is problematic if the company’s accounts are prepared using normal cost ’ To our knowledge, the only other published survey of applications to date is that by Noreen, Smith and Mackey [27], which reported in depth on 25 organisations that were using TOC. ’ The complete table runs to some 7 pages, so is not included here due to the page limit.accounting conventions (GAPP), as experience with Expozay showed [22]. Or they may have changed the way they measure Inventory as part of the change to TOC, and hence any reported figures would be misleading. Another reason might be that people would prefer not to know how bad things really are at the start. Finally, when taken in context of the articles themselves, it is apparent that the authors considered TOC to be a success. For all these reasons, the gaps in the data are not considered to be unreasonable. The data available was analysed using Exploratory Data Analysis methods. 2.2 Findings of the analysis The results of the analysis of reported changes in operational and financial performance, resulting from the application of TOC, are summarised below: Lead-Times: Mean Reduction 69 % A mean reduction in lead-time of 69% emerged from the sample of thirty-two  observations, all of which reported reductions. Over three quarters of the sample experienced reductions in lead-time greater than 50% Cycle-Times: Mean Reduction 66% In every case where changes in cycle-time were reported, the reports showed a decrease, or improvement in cycle-time. Fourteen observations made up the sample for change in cycle-times. Due-Date-Performance: Mean Improvement 60% Improving due-date-performance is synonymous with meeting delivery promises to customers. A mean improvement of 60% emerged from the sample. Twelve observations made up the sample for change in due-date-performance. Several organisations experienced improvements of over 100%. Inventory Levels: Mean Reduction 50% Reducing inventory is associated with reducing lead-times in a DBR system. A mean inventory reduction of 50% resulted from the sample of 28 observations. Lead-Time and Inventory Reduction: Correlation 0.77 Goldratt and Fox (1986) claim that when DBR is applied to a manufacturing system, the reduction in lead-time is strongly correlated with the reduction of inventory level. This research verifies the claims of Goldratt and Fox, as shown by a 0.77 Spearrnan’s Rank Correlation. This analysis was conducted on a sample of thirteen observations where organisations provided data on changes to both lead-times and inventory levels. Revenue / Throughput: Mean Increase 68% (outlier exclusive) This variable represents the amount of money coming into the organisation. All reports represented increases in revenue or throughput. The impressive mean increase of 68% excludes one outlier, a 600% increase at Lucent Technologies achieved within one year. Five organisations, from the sample of eighteen, reported increases in revenues in excess of lOO%, within one financial year.Combined Financial Variable: Mean Increase 82 % A sample of twenty-five observations for the combine revenue / throughput / profit variable revealed a mean increase of 82%, excluding the 600% increase at Lucent Technologies. 2.3 Conclusions from this analysis: l In the survey of over 100 cases, no failures or disappointing results were reported. l Some substantial improvements in operational variables as well as financial variables were reported. On average, inventories were reduced by 50%, production times (measured by lead-times, cycle times or due date performance) improved by over 60%, and financial measures improved by over 80%. In addition, inventory reductions were accompanied by lead-time reductions a feat not matched by JIF. l The vast majority of cases reported only partial applications of TOC. We are left to wonder whether improvements would have been even greater had more of the methodology been applied. l The entire survey revealed over 300 articles and books on TOC, of which only a handful contained negative comments, and none of these related to actual applications of the methodology.  While there were several papers reporting computer simulations comparing TOC with other scheduling methods, typically MRP and JIT, none showed TOC to be inferior to other methods; most showed a significant advantage on most measures. l TOC evokes some emotive responses, which is not surprising given that TOC challenges some fundamental notions. l The technical solution to dramatically improving financial and operational performance, is comparatively simple to identify (especially in hindsight4) l The major difficulty is overcoming the behavioural tendency of resistance to change. l TP applications commonly find that underlying core problems are erroneous or deficient measurements, policies and/or training’. Often these are found to be outdated, and no longer consistent with the company’s goal. l Not surprisingly, our enquiries and experience have identified a great number of other applications that have not been published: in many instances the results will never be published, because the focus is on internal change management for competitive advantage.

Relationship Between Organizational Culture And Strategic Management Commerce Essay

Relationship Between Organizational Culture And Strategic Management Commerce Essay The vision driven strategy, strategy driven culture. Enterprises must set a goals, and then achieve it. Goals has to be supported by strategic, implementation of the strategy requires the support of the faith. Therefore, there is very close relation between organizational culture and strategy. The mainly in the following aspects: First, excellent corporate culture is an important condition for the formulation of corporate strategy and is able to highlight the characteristics of the enterprises, the formation of the common values of the corporate members, and the corporate culture has a distinct personality, help companies develop different the strategy of defeating the enemy. Second, the corporate culture is an important means of implementation of the corporate strategy. After corporate strategy development, it requires all members of the active and effective implementation, is the corporate culture oriented, constraint, cohesion, motivation and radiation effect, stimulate the enthusiasm of employees, unified corporate members will jointly strive to achieve the enterprises goals. The Third is that corporate culture and corporate strategy must adapt to each other, mutual coordination and strategy development, corporate culture should change with the new formulation of strategy, however, to change corporate culture is very difficult once the organizational culture is formed, Therefore, from the point of view of the implementation of the strategy, the corporate culture to the implementation of the corporate strategy, will restrict, that the corporate culture has greater rigidity and a certain continuity, enhanced gradually in the process of enterprise development. The implementation of the corporate strategy. enterprises in major changes must be considered with the basic nature and status of the relationship, because the basic nature and status of the enterprise is to determine the basis of the corporate culture, at the same time to play existing corporate personnel role in ensuring the implementation of change in the original culture conditions. senior corporat e managers to focus on to be considered compatible with the original enterprise culture change, do not break the code of conduct, then the companies have formed. In summary, the analysis of the enterprises in strategic management, corporate culture should be given enough attention only corporate culture and strategic role to play in order to enable enterprises to better development.( Jing, L. 2007) Definition of strategic management Strategic management is the manangement of an organizations overall purpose, to ensure that the needs and enablers of the present are balanced with those of the future From the view of the future development of enterprises, strategic as a plan, and from the view of the course of development in the past, the strategy as a Pattern. If you look at the industrial level, the strategic performance as a Position, look at the enterprise level. Strategy as a Perspective. ( Peter F ¼Ã… ½Drucker) i.e: Through analysis, forecasting, planning, control, and other means to achieve the full advantage of the enterprise, financial, and material resources, in order to achieve optimal management, improve economic efficiency purposes. ( Chris .J2008) The meaning of strategic management for a company and why is important. Due to strategic management makes the grow and development into a changing environment, the f management job use by the future trend as their basic of making decision, so it makes the manager of enterprise to focus on research of operating environment, properly determine the development direction of a company and to select suitable operation area or marketing area, therefore able to catch the chance for outside environment, and enhance the adaptability of the business activities of the external environment, and thus to achieve the best combination of the two. i.e: Wal-Marts annual sales exceeded $ 40 billion, one of the worlds large-scale retail enterprises. Their successful is most depend on their business strategic: One-stop shopping (1)Free Parking: Shenzhen Sams business area more than 12,000 square meters, nearly 400 free parking spaces, while another business area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹over 17.8 thousand square meters Wal-Mart shopping plaza also has about 150 parking spaces. (2) The store employs professionals to customers free advice about computers, cameras, video recorders and their associated supplies, to help reduce the risks of blindly buy. Charity Wal-Mart in order to provide more benefits to customers, while trying to reduce the cost of advertising, for promotional creative a lot of thought, and strive to get the best effect with minimum capital investment. Cover Wal-Mart brand management strategy, select a variety of retail forms for the different grades of the target consumers. It is because of Wal-Marts all-round attack, seize the high-and low-end market, so Wal-Mart replaced Sears has swept throughout the United States, to become the first in the retail brand. Its own brand Wal-Mart has been active in the Chinese market development and promotion of Wal-Marts own brand, launched a high quality and price cheaper own brand merchandise, covering food, household goods, clothing, footwear and other flagship category.(Soderquist, D. 2005) Definition of organizational culture: The organizational culture is the sum of the enterprises in the construction and development of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Including the organization and management of both hardware and software, explicit cultural and implicit cultural Organizational culture is formed by the organization in the long-term survival and development of organization-specific, and the sum of the target value is the organization most members follow the highest standards, the basic beliefs and behavior norms in the organization reflects Specifically: organizational culture is the general term for organizations of all members of the commonly accepted valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, codes of conduct, team spirit, way of thinking, work style, psychological expectations and feelings of belonging sense of community. About the concept of corporate culture, there are many different understanding and expression: (1) The corporate culture is gradually formed in the working groups of the specification. (2) The corporate culture is the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹espoused as a business major. (3) Corporate culture is the purpose of the guide enterprises to develop the policy of employees and customers. (4) The corporate culture is sought in the enterprise competition for survival principle, the new employees to the enterprise hired must master the inner rules. (5) The corporate culture is a way to convey the feeling or atmosphere within the object layout, as well as corporate members dealing with customers or other external members. (6) corporate culture is the traditional atmosphere of a company culture, it means that the company values, such as aggressive, defensive or flexible these values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹constitute of company employees vitality, opinions and behavior norms. Managers personally, these norms and instill in employees from generation to generation. (7) corporate culture is a business formed some kind of cultural stereotypes and historical tradition, a common value criteria, ethics and life information, unified the various internal forces in a common guiding ideology and under the operating philosophy, brought together to a common direction. (8) The corporate culture is a mix of economic significance and cultural significance, refers to the formation of values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in the corporate world, the code of conduct in the crowd and community cultural influences. It does not refer to the cultivation of knowledge, but rather refers to the attitude of the people of knowledge; than profit, but profit mental; than interpersonal relationships, but interpersonal life skills embodied in human philosophy. The corporate culture is a penetration in the activities of all the things, it virtues. (9) The corporate culture is the basic information of the business organization, the basic values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and the basic view of the internal and external environment, is a code of conduct to abide by all the members of the enterprise and beliefs, value system and guiding the people engaged in the work of philosophical concepts. (10) corporate culture, production and operation and management activities with the spirit of the enterprise features to create wealth and physical form in certain social and historical conditions. It includes cultural attitudes, values, entrepreneurship, ethics, code of conduct, history, tradition, enterprise system, cultural environment, enterprise products, etc.. Values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are the core of the corporate culture. i.e: 1. American scholar John Kotter and James Heskett, corporate culture refers to the various departments in an enterprise, or at least those business executives who have corporate values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and operating practices. Refers to the various departments of the enterprise segment, or located in different geographical environment departments have the kind of common cultural phenomenon.( John P. Kotter,James L.1992.) 2. Tres Deere and Alan Kennedy believes that corporate culture values, heroes, customs, ceremonies, cultural networks, enterprise environment. 3. William Ouchi, the corporate culture is aggressive, defensive, flexibility that determine the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of the activities, views and behavior patterns. The role of organizational culture The corporate culture is a new theory of modern enterprise management, enterprises really want to step into the market, to embark on a rapid development, better efficiency, and continuously improve the overall quality, must popularize and strengthen the building of enterprise culture. 1. Integration role Traditional scientific method or scientific management functions bound to live the behavior of employees, but can not win the hearts of the staff. Strong organizational culture, but it can stimulate the enthusiasm of the staff, the employees are committed to working power. A cohesive organizational culture, organizational values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹deeply rooted among the employees to the organization as their own home, and are willing to contribute their strength in order to organize a common goal, so that staff and organizational integration. Organizational culture fundamentally change the old valuable concept of employees, establish new values, to meet the needs of the organization normal practice activities. Once the tissue culture to promote values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and code of conduct to be accepted and recognized, the members will make behavior choices meet the organizational requirements, you will feel guilty if the violation of organizational norms, disturbed or. Remorse, will automatically correct their behavior. In this sense, organizational culture has a strong integration. 2. Improve performance Management guru Peter Drucker (Peter F.Drucker) said: the nature of the enterprise, that decided the most important principle of the nature of the business, economic performance. If the organizational culture does not impact on firm performance, then it highlights not see its importance, we know indeed play a positive role in tissue culture in the organization of internal integration, but whether it is possible to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises? The answer is yes. 3. Improve the organizational role Cultural heritage organization formed in a continuous process of development through numerous radiation, feedback, and strengthen, we will constantly updated as practice development and optimization, and promote organizational culture from one height to another highly forward. In other words, the organizational culture continue to deepen and perfect once formed a virtuous circle, will continue to promote the organizations own rise development, in turn, the organization will promote progress and improve the organizational culture of the rich, perfect and sublimation. Successful organizations and enterprises facts indicate that the prosperity of the organization is always inseparable from the self-improvement of the organizational culture. 4. Shaping products Organizational culture as a human creation, it is the best form of expression is the companys products. When the companys products are infiltrating the tissue culture, the vitality of its products will not be compared to any other enterprise. Organizational culture is a very important role in shaping the enterprise product, product design, production and sales enterprises in accordance with the organizational culture, only in line with the corporate culture products to on a firm foothold in the market. Enterprise products, in turn, selling, consumers will further understand the organizational culture, which is a mutual promotion and development of the relationship. i.e.: After the study, the Cà ´te and Hess Cà ´te (1992) that: (1) organizational culture has a major role on the long-term results of operations; (2) the organizational culture of the next 10 years is likely to be the key factors that determine the success of enterprise; (3) organizational culture negative role on the a good corporate long-term operating results are not uncommon, these organizational culture is easy to propagate extension, even if that brings together a lot of common sense, knowledge of a high degree of talent; (4) Although the organizational culture is not easy to change, but they can translate into organizational culture that is conducive to the growth of the business performance. Why is important Organizational culture is important for an enterprise as the function of organizational culture . Specifically, following six main function: (1) Oriented functions, corporate culture can play a guiding role on the value orientation of the organization as a whole, and each member of the Organization of behavior in line with the goals established by the organization. Organizational culture is just a soft bound by the shared values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of the organization to the penetration of personal values, enables organizations to automatically generate a set of self-regulatory mechanism to guide the behavior and activities of the organization in an adaptive culture. (2) constraint functions, the role of the enterprise organizational culture constraints and specifications of each employees ideological, psychological and behavior. Constraints of organizational culture is not system-hard constraints, but a soft constraint, this soft constraints equal to diffuse organization organizational culture, groups, code of conduct and ethics. (3) The cohesion function, when one set of values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is co-sanctioned by the organizations staff, it will become a kind of adhesive to unite its members from all aspects, resulting in a tremendous solidarity and cohesion. The main reason for the success is organization, cohesion employees have a common goal and vision together, encourage enterprises to continue to move forward and development. (4) Excitation function, the corporate culture has members from the heart to produce a high emotional and strenuously enterprising spirit of the effects, it can maximize their staffs enthusiasm and pioneering spirit. The emphasis on people-centered corporate culture management methods. Its incentive is not an external impetus, but an inner guidance, it is not a passive to meet the psychological needs of the people to realize their own values, but through the shaping of the organizational culture, so that each employee from the heart dedication to organization combatant. (5) Radiation function, corporate culture, once formed a fixed pattern, it will not only play a role within the organization, the impact on the organizations staff, but will also have an impact on the community through a variety of channels. Organizations the cultural radiation to the social channels, but mainly can be divided into two categories Various forms of publicity and personal contacts. On the one hand, the spread of the culture of organizations to establish the organizations image in the public help; On the other hand, the corporate culture has a great influence on the development of social culture. (6) Brand function Enterprise brand image in the minds of the public, is a hardware based products and services and a corporate culture based software as consisting of complex. Excellent corporate culture, enhance the brand image will play a huge role. Excellent unique corporate culture can produce huge brand. i.e.:(1) Such as Microsoft, Ford, GE, Coca-Cola, their unique corporate culture in its brand building process has played a significant role. The brand value is the accumulation of time, but also the accumulation of corporate culture. (2) Wal-Mart is a great emphasis on brand protection company, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. in July 2011 to submit applications to the World Intellectual Property Forum, said the disputed domain OurWalmart dot com with its logo Walmart, that infringe on their rights and interests, the request for arbitration back to the domain name. It is understood that the OurWalmart dot com domain name is accessible, the site is a Wal-Mart employee reaction to issues related to platform, salary, working hours and other issues can be seen from this platform, the website seeks the voices of an employee to provide services solutions, is a The non-profit organization. Conclusion: The organizational culture is the pillar to carry out the strategic, it means the guide line, business idea, and the work style that including the values of people, personal culture, custom, management policy and the company image of a enterprise. People is kind of social animals, as same as wolfs, wolfs will never hunting alone, they are always action by a group as a company, the culture makes them act together, therefore they are able to carry out their strategy to hunting, and due to this, the hunting get easier. The so-called organizational culture, common values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹held by the people as a corporate body, action, and ways of thinking. The business philosophy is the core of the corporate culture, It shows the value of the enterprise, but also provide the basis of the strategic objectives, and also includes a mode of operation, the basic norms of behavior. In other words, the business philosophy of the fundamental values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of the work of the business people. Such values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are the foundation of the corporate culture, created by companies, the guiding ideology of the major operators in the decision. Therefore, it must lay a deep imprint on the formulation of corporate strategy. The strategy is deciding the development of the most fundamental long-term goals and short-term purpose of planning, but also includes the necessary means to achieve these goals and objectives are to be taken, and how the allocation of resources of all kinds to make decisions. Corporate culture support the corporate strategy, enterprise strategy can be implemented smoothly, largely depends on the content of the strategic behavior and corporate members, the way of thinking fit. No matter how wonderful the corporate strategy, if you do not adapt to cultural basis, it will not have a very good performance. I am engaged in the operation, over six years of experience and deep feelings about the importance of the business philosophy of an enterprise exists for what it? What is the purpose of operating? Operating in what ways? These issues must to have a really basic concepts. The foundation of the business is the right philosophy. Only do solid foundation, people, technology and capital be possible to really play the role of a variety of resources make it easier to make an impact. Matsushita said: With a clear business philosophy, my own, compared with the former, there is a firm belief that For a long time, my business is strong. Employees listened to my lectures are very touched they deeply impressed by their mission and their responsibilities, everyone for the enterprise. masters of our enterprises have grown up at an alarming rate. said by Konosuke Matsushita. (Matsushita ,K. 2002)

Fever: 1793 Coming of Age Book Report Essay example -- Laurie Halse An

At some point in a person's life, they must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. Many of a persons early life experiences can contribute to this transition, even if it is the simplest of things. Yellow Fever hit Philadelphia hard in 1793. It also hit hard in the book Fever: 1793 by Laurie Halse Anderson. In this book, fourteen year-old Mattie Cook?s life gets turned upside-down when Yellow Fever strikes Philadelphia. In her adventure, Mattie must show responsibility, and experience the pain of death before she matures into an adult. In the book, Mattie starts out as a lazy teenager who needs to be told what to do by her over controlling mother, but throughout the story, she becomes more responsible and adult-like. For example, at the start of their adventure, Mattie leaves P...

The Road Not Taken Vs. Mother To Son Essay -- essays research papers

Paths are Like Stairs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although they portray two very different writing styles, Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Mother to Son† have a few things in common, especially their meanings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Road not Taken† Frost speaks of a time in his life where he had to make a choice, a choice of which direction his life was about to go: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood / And sorry I could not travel both† (1-2). â€Å"Mother to Son† also speaks of life in a metaphorical way, but as a staircase rather than two paths: â€Å"Well, son, I’ll tell you / Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair† (1-2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Frost describes the appearance of each road, one as being less traveled on than the other by people before him who had to make the same decision: â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could / Then took the other, just as fair / Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (4,6,8). â€Å"Mother to Son† takes it another step as to describe the staircase the mother had to climb. She explains how hard it was but also how she never gave up: â€Å"It’s had tacks in it / And splinters / And boards torn up / But all the time / I’se been a-climbin’ on† (3-5,8-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Road Not Taken† ends by giving a moral to us about Frost’s life and the path he did take. Although Frost doesn’t thoroughly explain the path he took, the reader ...

Bias in Abstinence-Only Education

In addition to being an ineffective deterrent to unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, abstinence only education prevents young women from making well informed decisions about their sexuality. Cases of teen pregnancy and STD/HIV infections is on the rise despite the government allocating funds for abstinence only programs. This paper seeks to look at the government policies with regard to abstinence-only education programs and its relationship with unwanted pregnancies.It is a known fact that sexual abstinence is being practiced in all countries in the world as a sure way of preventing sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Men and women of all ages who are not ready to accept the risks that accompany sexual activity embrace abstinence which is a normal and acceptable practice. As a way of expressing love, affection and tenderness, majority resort to intercourse and sexual activity. Sex is also being used by couples to strengthen their relationships.However, it has often been argued that using sex to cement relationships can distort one’s judgment. Among women, having sex may strengthen the feeling of love but do not actually cement or deepen the relationship. Exploring sexual behavior within an environment of deep commitment where having children is considered as a possibility is always rewarding. Majority of people are however not prepared for commitment hence opt for abstinence until they develop a stable relationship. Abstinence is 100% effective in protecting an individual from sexually transmitted.However, if the majority of the population could realize its effectiveness, then we would not be having such headlines like the ones we have seen in the past of teen births being on the rise. However, abstinence is not an easy practice considering how strong sexual drives are among humans. The rate of teen births steadily declined since 1991 and this could have been because of the intensive educational campaigns that were initiated d uring that period. These campaigns included encouraging people to use contraceptives and condoms and enlightening people on the risks of Aids and sexually transmitted diseases.However, today statistics now show an increase by 3% in teen births the first time ever in 14 years. (Wilson, Kelly, Patricia,2005) Is it that the sex education programs that the government adopted are no longer working? The government has tried to show some effort in curbing STDs and unwanted pregnancies. The first federal abstinence-only program was enacted in 1981 and this was designed primarily to support pregnant and parenting teenagers. This came through the adolescent Family Life Act which was also passed the same year.AFLA also funded â€Å"abstinence-only† programs meant to encourage responsibility and self discipline among teenagers (Abstinence Only Programs 2008, p. 2). Abstinence-only program’s purpose was to teach the general population and especially the teenagers how they stand to gain from abstinence. It also sought to teach abstinence from pre-marital to all schooling children. The abstinence-only program was supposed to teach the values of abstinence with regard to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.According to this program, the expected standard of human sexual activity revolved around a mutually faithful monogamous relationship. However, with all these well clarified goals, current scientific research shows that this program is ineffective. A study of ‘abstinence-only-until marriages’ program inferred that the classes fail to serve its goal of delaying the onset of sexual activity the young people. An evaluation of 11 of these programs showed that they do not have a lasting positive effect on the asexual behavior of young people (Ibid 4).Instead of a positive effect on the young people they showed a negative willingness to use contraceptive because the program emphasized on contraceptive failure. It has often been reiter ated that abstinence-only programs endanger the youths because adolescents are denied complete information. These programs fail to provide contraception information and in some cases, they have been accused of providing wrong information which may lead to youths forgoing contraceptive use. Teens are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases because of lack of responsible sex education.Only safer sex intervention can reduce unprotected sexual intercourse as compared to abstinence only programs. The Federal Fund for abstinence -only programs have negatively influenced schools. Avery good example involves the Gloucester High school in Massachusetts with the summer vacations beginning 17 girls at the school are expecting babies (Kathleen Kingsbury, Wednesday June 18, 2008). This proves further the failure of the program to curb pre-marital pregnancies. In order to reduce the prevalence of this at the school a local pediatrician advocated for the prescription of contraceptiv es.However, this has been met with hostility. Amazingly it is the desire of these teens to get pregnant and this only proves how distorted their perception towards life is. An effective sex education program should include teaching teenagers about abstinence even though it is not sufficient in itself. A complete and accurate information about reproductive health should be the core of teenage education. This should include abstinence prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and above all prevention of pregnancy.Teenagers can only make informed and appropriate decisions if they have access to reliable information about their productive health. Cases like the one at Gloucester High School can only be prevented through enlightening the students on the dangers involved in early pregnancy. Schools should be at the forefront in teaching the science behind sex and factually based reproductive health education. However, much of the sex education should be done at home and young gi rls should be at the core of advice into the dangers of playing with boys.They should be taught the virtues of responsibility and accountability so they may grow up with the full knowledge of the science of reproduction and its purpose. Work Cited Abstinence Only Programs, Center for Gender Studies. 2005 Kingsbury, Kathleen. Pregnancy Boom at Gloucester High. â€Å"Time†. Wednesday June 18, 2008 Wilson, Kelly L. Goodson, Patricia Pruit. â€Å"A review of 21 curricula for abstinence-only-until-marriage programs. â€Å", Journal of School Health, March 2005 Issue

Islamic Studies Essay

What is a Sufi and what do they contribute to our world today? How do they affect people especially the Muslim practices? What contributions did they have to the belief about God? How are they different or how are they the same? Citing 2 of the major Sufi figures, we would be able to learn what how their teachings are the same and how they are different from one another. We would also find out how these two imparted their knowledge on the people and how they contributed to the life of the Muslim believers. â€Å"Sufi† is derived from an Arabic word â€Å"suf† which means wool. This was used to call the Muslim ascetics and mystics because the Sufi’s dress is made out of this material. Sufis are actually human beings who have exceptional devotions to God or to Allah that they forget their very own selves because of the thought that their soul is absorbed into God. They engage themselves in devotional practices that raise them higher until they reached the point that they believe that they are one with God. Their belief and actions are usually subjects of suspicion by Muslim theologians and lawyers because their actions are near blasphemous but the Sufi’s desire is to teach happiness and that we should separate ourselves from the worldly things and discover God in our hearts. They seek illumination and they what they see is harmony. A Sufi’s belief is that there is more to life than just experiencing the physical things. They also consider having a much greater mission why we are alive and that they also believe that one’s own self is not a barrier to the illusions that they were able to see (Khan). Examining the life and teachings of two Major Sufi Figures, we can see how they differ in their teachings and how similar their mystical pronouncements are. Abu Hamid al Ghazali was one of the exceptional scholars and Sufi in Islam. His life and his works are still studied by theologians, of jurisprudence and philosophy and mysticism. Al Ghazali started learning when his father left him and his brother under the care of a Sufi friend before he died. His father left them money with a request that the Sufi must see to it that they will be taught how to read and write. When the funds ran out they were sent to school where Ghazali excelled in Islam studies, he became a teacher but with his decision, he stopped teaching because of a Sufi belief that his motivation for teaching is not for Allah. As he was following a Sufi path which has prerequisites that you should give up everything and loose yourself and do everything for the sake of Allah (Cole). Ghazali spent the rest of his lives going on a spiritual journey for 11 years and went back to Tus, he taught for awhile and then he stayed for another 9 years until his death. What were Al Ghazali’s thoughts that influenced the Muslims? Al Ghazali’s techniques were adopted from the Aristotelian logic and the Neoplatonic procedures. Al Ghazali wants to prove God’s existence from the creation to Ash’arite proof. Ghazali believes that God’s attributes are something different from, yet added to, God’s essence. That he believes that God has attributes like humans that is knowledgeable, has life and his own will, can see, can hear and can talk He also believed that whatever happened from creation until now, with the changes that are happening in this world is just a result of God’s knowledge, His own will and his power (Nakamura). Al Ghazali as well believes that there are two powers affecting human acts, that is of God and the human’s power in him. This belief of Al Ghazali implicates that human action is both God’s will and that it is at the same time acquired by that human from God and this is what Al Ghazali wants to harmonize, God’s Omnipotence and the person’s responsibility for his chosen action (Nakamura). Al Ghazali believes that God can place any obligations that he wishes upon humans, that He gives rewards and punishments according to the person’s faithfulness to God and that God’s acts are beyond human’s judgment. The thought that God created all creatures; he cannot be unjust (Nakamura). Ghazali, as one of the greatest theologians really have a deep and lasting influence. His teachings spread to Europe, influenced the Jewish and the Christian Scholasticism even adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas. With his strong argument in favor of religion, he was accused of damaging the cause of philosophy (Averros). Another Sufi figure is Shayk Ahmad al-Ansa’i who is a native of Eastern Arabia. He is under the protection of the princes of Qajar who were responsible for the restoration of Shi’ism as the state religion of Iran. Little is known about Shayk Ahmad but his usage of the symbolic language and the controversial mystical Shayki order that was established after his name was known only after his death (Cole). What are the teachings and the influences of Shayk Ansa’I to the Muslims and the belief about God? Shayk Ahmad put studied this saying from a prophet: â€Å"God wrote a Text (kitabah) two thousand years before He created the universe, on a myrtle leaf that He caused to grow. He placed it upon the Throne, then called out: `O community of Muhammad–peace be upon him and his House–My compassion transcends My wrath. I have given to you before you even asked, and forgiven you before you sought forgiveness. Whoso among you bears witness that there is no God but Me, and that Muhammad is My servant and messenger, I shall usher him into paradise by reason of my compassion (Cole). † Shayk Ansa’I believes that the text, took form of a Leaf which are made up of lines which then God shaped the world (Cole). He believes that God as the Universal intellect and as the Universal soul. He explains that God called the Muslims before he even created the world. That Muslims even before asking may have the gift that they would ask for. Thus these Muslims would depend on their devotion to God. Shayk Ansa’I compared the human existence to a leaf that like the lines in a leaf, human beings are the embodiments of that pre existing text on earth. Shayk Ahmad quotes, in his mystical and his theological anthology, from â€Å"one of the learned† about how the Tree of Certainty was created by God. The passage says that there is a bloom of Muhammad in a shape of a peacock, which would praise God for seventy thousand years. That this peacock bowed to God five times thus where the 5 daily of Islam originated. From the light from Muhammad, the spirits of the believers were created they then became the Muslims. These two beliefs and teachings from two major Sufi figures display a difference in their teachings. One difference that they have is that the belief of the creation of the world. In the belief of Al Ghazali, that human were created as a result of God’s knowledge, His own will and his power. This implicates that this was the choice of God to create human beings and other creatures. That it is God’s will that human beings be made and not just an accidental circumstance. Unlike the belief of Shayk Ahmad that Muslims were chosen even before the creation of the world and that they are the chosen ones. The belief that through the light of Muhammad the souls of the followers were made is a different belief to what Al Ghazali stated. Another difference that has been cited is that, Al Ghazali believes that a person is responsible for his own action. The reward and punishment given by God depends on the person’s obedience and disobedience. This means that there would be a just distribution of the graces and punishments depending on how one lives his life. This may mean that a person is responsible for his own life. Unlike the belief of Shayk Ahmad, that since Muslims were chosen by God before the creation, they were given the graces before they ask of it. They just depend on their devotional practices in order to praise God and receive the graces that they are longing for. Another difference that these two Sufi figures have is the belief of Al Ghazali that human beings have their own free will and that they are the ones responsible for living their own lives. What would happen to them would be affected by God’s power and the consequence of their own action. Shayk Ahmad’s belief on this one is that Muslims, the chosen ones will be blessed. No matter how they live their lives they will be given the graces they seek. They just have to practice their daily devotions for them to have their graces even before they ask of it. However they are not at all different. They also have the same attributes. One same belief both of these Sufi figures have is that human beings were created by one Supreme Being. They are created by God, however different they may be in presenting how creatures came to life, but they are still from one God. Another is that, they both believe that there is one Supreme Being that they need to look up to and give praise for what we have in this world. They both believe that there is a God that we have to thank for our very own lives and for our everyday existence. Another thing that they are the same is that they both believe God gives us graces. How different their beliefs is on how they are given by God, they are in an agreement that God gives human beings blessings that they need. We can see as we have compared the two major Sufi figures, we were able to see how the same and how different their teachings can be. The teachings that they imparted on the Muslims affected their beliefs and divided them into different sects. It is the person’s choice now of whom to believe in order to live their life following what that Supreme Being expects of His creations. As we can see, no matter whom we follow, no matter what belief we have, the guidance of that one Supreme Being is very important to each one of us. There is neither exact religion nor sect which would say that this is the right one for us, but what is important that we have our own beliefs. We have our own rights to practice what we believe in order for us to have that life that God wanted us to have. All we have to keep in mind now is how to live a life that may be harmonious with others, that we would be decreasing conflicts with other believers. One practice that one may do, help Christians to be good Christians or help Muslims to be good Muslims, no matter what religion you are, you are a creation of God. Works Cited: Cole, Juan R. I. Individualism and the Spiritual Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i.Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha’i Studies No. 4 (September, 1997). http://www. h-net. org/~bahai/bhpapers/ahsaind. htm Cole, Juan R. I. Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i. The World as Text: Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i. (1994) http://www-personal. umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai2. htm Khan, Hidayat Inayat. What is a Sufi? The International Sufi Movement. (June 2005) http://www. sufimovement. org/whatsufiis. htm http://www. ghazali. org/articles/gz1. htm http://www. h-net. org/~bahai/areprint/ahsai/ahsai. htm.

Crime Rates Essay

What we usually have in mind when we talk about the crime rates is a well known fact that crime rates are increasing. So,people who are related to this issue should try to find a solution so as to solve the problem .Up to now many countries have tried to decrease crime rates. However,many of them have failed .Everybody has a significant roles so as to decrease the crime rates such as parents and governments. First of all, it is worth bearing in mind that parents should train their children so children will not change the crime rates .Thus,crime rates will not increase . Parents should raise awareness their children because according to research conducted children who are conscious about crime do not commit a crime besides parents should not leave unattended their children because generally rambling children have amount of influence on the crime rates.Also parents should be interested in their children .Experts said that slummy person involve in a crime easily .Therefore parents take care of their children. Read more:Â  Increasing Crime Rate in Today’s Society in India It is last but not least governments should make provision as fight with crimes because researchers believe that only if governments attach importance to crime rates , can they decrease the crime rates .Governments should provide equipments so as to overcome to crimes.Thanks to more equipments , governments can reduce the crime rates .Governments should be in contact with other governments because increasing of the crime rates are not seem just one government.So, they can help each other about this situation. To sum up Ä ±t should be noted that parents have a considerable amount of effect as decrease the crime rates .Nowadays every segment of society is looking for a way to solve as decrease the crime rates.

Glass ceiling

Shlreen Naqvi Submitted To: Sir. Jahangir Abstract: The glass ceiling persists for women in public relations and communications management, despite increasing feminization of these fields. This qualitative study seeks to Identify factors that support and perpetuate the problem of the glass celling for women in public relations and corporate communications management. Introduction:Glass ceiling, the point at which you can clearly see the next level of promotion but despite of your best effort, an invisible barrier seems to stop you from proceeding further In order to reach your set goals. Traditionally, the glass ceiling was a concept applied to women and some of the minorities. It was very hard but not impossible for them to reach upper management positions. No matter how qualified or experienced, they simply were not given opportunltles to further advance with their careers. Today, there are many more women and minorities in powerful positions.However the glass ceiling is still very real and it is not always limited to gender or race. It is a topic to be discussed In order to overcome this hurdle and to make necessary arrangements in the systems where ever necessary, so that everyone has a free hand to flourish more and more. Research objectives: The aim of this article is to highlight the problems which the female employees face In their career, how the gender discrimination Is being done and the dfferent ways nd tools in order to make the female employees to lag behind. lass ceiling By shireennaqvi Shireen Naqvi seeks to identify factors that support and perpetuate the problem of the glass ceiling further in order to reach your set goals. Traditionally, the glass ceiling was a concept they simply were not given opportunities to further advance with their careers. topic to be discussed in order to overcome this hurdle and to make necessary in their career, how the gender discrimination is being done and the different ways

Progress women achieved in field of Math, Science and Engineering Essay

Progress women achieved in field of Math, Science and Engineering - Essay Example This paper takes into consideration the conditions of women in the professional spheres in India, a country that has been known to hold strong biases towards the female population and prefer the birth of males in their households. All throughout the long history of the country, it can be seen that gender inequality has prevailed in the societies of the region as a whole whose reflection could also be seen in the educational and professional spheres. The past century however, could be seen to have brought a change in this respect. People as a whole got more inclined towards working for the betterment of the status of women in India, and to make efforts for the positive development of women in the region. During this period there have been developments in this domain in regards to greater involvement of women in the public spheres, striving for more balance in the ratios of men to women in the school enrolments, and an increased visibility of women in the labour force etc. (Segran, 201 0). Although, these developments might signify the start of changes in the fundamental mind-sets of the people over there, but India still has a long way to go in terms of trying to somewhat suppress gender discrimination in the region as a whole. ... It all began with the British colonization in South Asia. Although, Britain had the initial policy of non-intervention, however, once it had well established itself in the region, it started reforming the constitutions and the legal system for the betterment of every strata of the society as a whole, particularly for women that had been observed to be subject to serious violence, both within and outside their households. This was an attempt to civilize the people of the nation. The efforts on their part, combined by the local liberals, started to bring about reforms for women, which in turn resulted in somewhat betterment of their status and lives (Dasgupta, 2002a). Previously, the women of India could not gain access to the justice system on violation of their rights, but ever since the British colonization, the need to utilize the legal system to combat violence against women has been greatly stressed upon. Over the past few decades, the Indian legal and justice system has brought about various innovations to cater to the disadvantaged population of the country, in terms of violation of human rights, particularly for women. This in turn, has also enabled them to create an increased awareness about the issues of women for creation of policies and developmental initiatives. Other than that, the courts have also been able to give the women a public voice and it has put in great efforts to eliminate discrimination of women on legal fronts at least, if not completely on a societal level, which would require a much longer time (Dasgupta, 2002b). Societal Norms: Gender inequality has always been a major issue for the women of India. The aspect of gender closely defines the roles and behaviours assigned to men and

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 88

History - Essay Example It is at this point that one could say that the Author is trying to establish an impression that the book is supposed to descriptively tell something about the Baroque period, and the ultimate way of understanding it is to look at the common trends or patterns in politics, economics, religion, arts and sciences at that period of time. In this case, the Author simply did not try to single out the basic concept of understanding history. In fact, there is a use of the same methodology of establishing or creating clear ideas of a certain historical period. The book starts to talk about â€Å"The Patteru of Politics and Economics† (Friedrich 1-67) in Chapter I, then down to religion, war, science and so on. The discussion specifically ends with Bibliographical essay (Friedrich 3271). In other words, the book is organized in a way that the readers can learn many things about social, political and economical issues associated with the Baroque period. It is interesting at some point, because the book does not only focus on artistic expression, but rather the descriptive events during the period as far as the association of the arts is concerned. The Author simply pointed out at some point that there are many things to learn about the Age of the Baroque aside from the art and relevant artistic expression. There were primary sources involved in the discussion, supporting the Author’s main argument. These also include some supporting materials like secondary information from credible intellectual works. In other words, the Author tried to establish a significant justification so as not to defeat the purpose of the entire book. The supporting details were necessary requirements in order to come up with the better perspective and descriptive thought about the Baroque period. At some point, considering that the entire work is quite exploratory in its nature, there might be remarkable

Complusory Insurance bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Complusory Insurance bill - Essay Example Whilst participation consent is implied in respect of injuries falling within the ambit of inherent risks in the game, the extent of this "consent" has become contentious in practice with negligence liability arising for non-contact sport in addition to contact sport. For example, in the case of Condon v Basi ([1985] 1 WLR) it was asserted that an "inherent risk" in the game for the purpose of determining implied consent was essentially a question of fact, dependent on the circumstances of the game, including the regulations, the rules and customs and the inherent dangers. It was further stated that this was an objective test. Accordingly, the parameters of liability have remained uncertain with regard to who the appropriate tortfeaser is, along with the extent of liability for both professional and amateur players bringing claims in negligence. For example, in the leading case of Smoldon v Whitworth (1997] PIQR 133) it was determined that a referee of the Rugby Union match was liable for injuries suffered by a rugby player by another player as a result of a collapsed scrum. In this particular case, the referee had failed to enforce the rules of the International Rugby Board as applied to a rugby game, in which there were more than 20 collapsed scrums. Furthermore, there had also been complaints from certain players, a warning from one of the touch judges and shouts from the spectators. Furthermore, in the more recent case of Vowles v Evans ([2002] EWHC 2612), the Court of Appeal asserted that at all levels of sport a referee owed a duty to take reasonable care for the safety of players. Legal commentators have suggested that these cases by analogy point towards potential liability of coaches for failing to take reasonable care for the safety of their players. However, the liability of coaches remains ambiguous as it has been untested, however in light the Smoldon decision, the categories of potential defendants has clearly widened in sports injury claims. It is also important to mention that the relevant organisation putting on the game could also be liable for the player's injuries. For example, in the case of Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001]2 WLR 1256, it was held that the Board owed Watson a duty of care to provide appropriate resuscitation equipment and a person or persons qualified to use such equipment at the ringside. The Court made it clear that it was the duty of the Board and of those advising it on medical matters to be proactive in accounting for foreseeable risks and to seek competent advice as to how a recognised danger could be combated. Firstly, in the case of Condon v Basi ([1985]) the Court of Appe